Understanding Military Sexual Trauma (MST) in Veterans

Military Sexual Trauma (MST) is a serious concern affecting veterans across various military roles and ranks. Despite their commitment to defending the nation, many service members experience sexual trauma during their time in the military, facing lifelong consequences. 

This resource page provides an in-depth look at MST, exploring its definition, prevalence, impact, and the wide range of support services available for survivors. We aim to offer understanding, support and hope to veterans affected by MST.

veteran experiencing anxiety

What is Military Sexual Trauma?

Military Sexual Trauma is the term used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to describe experiences of sexual assault or recurrent, threatening sexual harassment that occur while a service member is on active duty, active duty for training, or inactive duty training. MST includes, but is not limited to, a variety of traumatic events, such as:

  • Forced or coerced sexual activities
  • Unwanted sexual touching or grabbing
  • Threatening sexual advances
  • Demeaning comments or behavior about one’s body or sexuality

MST can happen under various conditions—whether during active duty or while off duty, in peacetime or wartime, on or off base. Perpetrators may be superiors, subordinates, fellow service members, or civilians, regardless of gender.

According to the Department of Veterans Affairs, 1 in 3 female and 1 in 50 male veterans report experiencing MST.

However, these numbers are likely conservative estimates, as many cases of MST remain unreported. 

Risk Factors for Military Sexual Trauma

Certain factors have been shown to increase the risk of experiencing MST:

  • Age: Younger service members face a higher risk of MST.
  • Rank: Lower-ranking enlisted personnel are more vulnerable.
  • Marital Status: Unmarried individuals may be more likely to experience MST.
  • Education: Lower educational levels are associated with increased MST risk.
  • History of Trauma: A prior history of sexual trauma can elevate risk.
  • Sexual or Gender Minority Status: Those identifying as part of a sexual or gender minority may be at increased risk.

Impact of Military Sexual Trauma

The effects of MST are profound and enduring, often affecting veterans’ mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Understanding these impacts can help in providing the appropriate support to survivors.

Impact of MST on Mental Health

Survivors of MST face an increased likelihood of developing mental health conditions, including:

  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Female veterans who experienced MST are nine times more likely to develop PTSD compared to those who did not. PTSD is also common among male veterans who experienced MST.
  • Depression: The risk of depressive symptoms is significantly higher, with women who experienced MST being 6.5 times more likely to suffer from depression and men 8 times more likely.
  • Anxiety Disorders: MST can cause anxiety, panic disorders, and other anxiety-related issues.
  • Substance Use Disorders: Many survivors turn to alcohol or drugs to cope, increasing the risk of developing substance use issues.

Suicide Risk

MST has been shown to increase the risk of suicide among veterans:

  • 75% of MST survivors report experiencing suicidal thoughts after the trauma.
  • 40% report suicide attempts following MST.
  • The risk of suicide is 69% higher for men and 127% higher for women who have experienced MST compared to those who have not.

Impact of MST on Physical Health 

MST can also have effects on physical health, particularly for women veterans. Common health concerns include:

  • Increased risk of diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Obesity and associated health issues
  • Increased cardiovascular risk factors.

Unique Challenges of Military Sexual Trauma

The military presents unique challenges that can exacerbate the impact of MST, making it more difficult for survivors to heal:

  • Unit Cohesion and Loyalty Concerns: Survivors may hesitate to report incidents because they worry about unit unity and loyalty.
  • Geographic Isolation: Being stationed far from family or support systems can make coping even more challenging.
  • Fear of Appearing Vulnerable: People often fear being perceived as weak, particularly in a military context that emphasizes strength and resilience.
  • Career Implications: Concerns about potential career consequences may prevent survivors from seeking support or reporting MST.

Support and Treatment for MST Survivors

The VA offers evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) to address trauma symptoms effectively. Recognizing that MST affects each survivor differently, these services are tailored to address diverse needs.

VA Services for MST Survivors

The VA provides free, confidential treatment for both the mental and physical health consequences of MST. These services include:

  • Outpatient, Residential, and Inpatient Care: A variety of care options, depending on the needs and preferences of the veteran.
  • There is no requirement for Service-Connected Disability. MST-related care is accessible to all eligible veterans, regardless of whether they have a service-connected disability.
  • Specialized Providers: VA professionals have specialized training in dealing with MST, ensuring compassionate, understanding care.

Evidence-Based Treatments

Several evidence-based therapies have been proven in treating the mental health effects of MST:

  • Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT): A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that helps survivors process trauma-related thoughts.
  • Prolonged Exposure (PE) Therapy: This therapy helps veterans gradually confront trauma memories, reducing emotional distress.
  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): A specialized therapy that can help process trauma through guided eye movements.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps change unhelpful patterns of thinking, offering relief from anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms.

Resources for Veterans Affected by MST

If you or a loved one has experienced MST, several resources are available to provide support, guidance, and a pathway to recovery:

  • VA MST Support Team: Call 1-800-827-1000 or visit VA MST Resource for assistance.
  • Veterans Crisis Line: You can reach out by calling 1-800-273-8255 (Press 1), texting 838255, or visiting the Veterans Crisis Line.
  • Make the Connection: For information and veteran stories, visit Make the Connection.

How National Veterans Homeless Support (NVHS) Assists MST Survivors

NVHS is dedicated to assisting veterans impacted by MST through a range of essential services and advocacy:

Housing Assistance

NVHS helps homeless veterans, including those experiencing homelessness due to MST-related challenges, find safe, stable housing.

By providing this critical support, NVHS aids veterans in building a foundation for recovery.

Mental Health Services Resources

In collaboration with local mental health providers, NVHS connects veterans with counseling and therapy options to address the emotional and psychological effects of MST.

Advocacy and Education

NVHS is active in raising awareness about MST and advocating for enhanced services and support for survivors, helping to reduce stigma and encourage healing.

Join us in Making a Difference!

Military Sexual Trauma is a critical issue affecting thousands of veterans, with severe implications for their mental, emotional, and physical health. Understanding the scope of MST, its impact, and the available resources is essential for providing practical support to survivors.

National Veterans Homeless Support (NVHS) is dedicated to helping veterans in need, including those affected by MST.

Support NVHS’s mission to provide resources and stability for MST survivors through informed donations, volunteering, or community awareness. Together, we can positively impact the lives of veterans facing these challenges.